Monday, December 30, 2019

Descriptive Essay Today Is Sad - 1134 Words

Today is different. Today is sad. I remember the last day of 8th grade as if it was a week ago. I arose with this awfully unsettling feeling in my stomach, something I’d never felt before. It wasn’t guilt or sadness; it was something else entirely, like some sort of combination of sadness and happiness. Walking downstairs, I realize today is the last time I will need to walk up this early for weeks. Still, today I wanted to. My parents dropped me off at the bus stop right at the end of my street by the tiny blue house. Walking on I realize this is the last time I will ride the bus to Forsythe. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ â€Å"Welcome, it’s the first day of school; I hope all of you had a great summer.† I walked in hoping for a better year; little did I know that†¦show more content†¦We just sit and think. Everyone else is talking, but we aren’t. Everyone else is crying, but we aren’t. Everyone else is talking about old memories, but we aren’t. Of course we remember the memories we have, but no one mentions them. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ â€Å"Don’t play around with the slinky.† The whole class splits up into groups, each getting a long metal slinky. The assignment is to use the slinky to form transverse and converse waves. All of us walk to the corner of the hall and spread apart. Although we started with doing the assignment, we found that throwing it around was 10 times more fun. None of us seemed to care about the assignment anymore. I pulled the slinky back all the way to the end of the hall and released it. It charged at a zooming speed towards Kallie; she released it before it caught up to her. The slinky crashed into the lockers and made such a loud bang. There had been such a peaceful silence before, now there was a ringing going through the whole school. The slinky was now tangled, with the metal bent in every shape. We all take the broken slinky and put it behind a locker, a place where no one will find it. We quickly return to class and take out seats, acting as if we had put the slinky back and had finished our assignment. It was broken. It was forgotten †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ —insert 2 short sentences— People are everywhere, in front of me, behind me: The tiny white kid with the Harry Potter glass and that immense grin: the tinyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Just Walk On By Brent Staples715 Words   |  3 Pages Text E1 is titled just walk on by, written by Brent Staples. He was born in Chester Pennsylvania and was an author/editorial for the new york times. The text is an essay and was written in 1986 while the major events of racial profiling and brutality were a big issue. Throughout Brents life, as an African-American, he lived with being discriminated and verbally abused by other races for example, whites. In the text he tells the how he feels when people run away from him or how he feels when whitesRead MoreObjectivity In Autophenonmenology And Heterophenomenology.938 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual states â€Å"I am sad.† Further explanation may reveal a multitude of reasons for this emotion: my dog is sick, my girlfriend broke up with me, my stomach hurts, I was fired, etc. However, it is extremely unlikely that the individual will be able to accurately reveal every minute factor – external or otherwise – that is attributing to the feeling of sadness. On the con trary, they will state what is bothering them the most. Consequently, we are getting a descriptive view of what the situationRead MoreThe Holocaust and The Final Solution Plan Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesThe Holocaust, it’s such a horrific topic. Why do we study this? The answer I will give at the end of this essay, although, there are many ways people look at the holocaust, different opinions that people have, different understandings. This is my understanding. Holocaust. (The Greek word meaning Whole (Holo), and burnt (Caust). The name although sad, is quite an appropriate name for this event in history, because the Jewish people’s spirt, was almost entirely â€Å"Burnt†. Hitler’s rise to power beganRead More Biography George Orwell Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagessociopolitical conditions of his time. For a man whose career started as a dishwasher, he came a long way to be known as the great author he is known as today. In this paper George Orwells early life, his variety of jobs before becoming a writer, his many successes and failures and some of his best known novels and critiques of them, and his sad death will all be discussed. George Orwell was born in Motihard, Bengal, India on June 25, 1903 (George Orwell 1). He was born into a family in the upperRead More Comparing A London fete and Composed Upon Westminster Bridge1433 Words   |  6 PagesComparing A London fete and Composed Upon Westminster Bridge A London fete and composed upon Westminster Bridge. I am going to be comparing two poems in this essay the first poem is London fete which was written by a man called Coventry Patmore this poem is about a hanging that took place and about the effect it had on other people who watched. The second poem is composed upon Westminster bridge by William words worth which is about a man who is standing on a bridge describing the viewRead MoreThe Logical, Emotional, And Credible Evaluation Of `` Still Separate, Still Unequal ``1482 Words   |  6 Pagesan activist for low income and poverty destined children who are not provided the means for a proper education. The essay â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal†, by Jonathan Kozol, discusses the harsh truth of public school systems, and how they have become an isolation and segregation of inequality that students are subjected to; as a result, to receive an education. Throughout the essay, Kozol proves evidence of the inequality that African American and Hispanic children face in the current school systemsRead MoreEssay about William Pollack: Inside the World of Boys956 Words   |  4 Pagesto â€Å"the boy code†, the unspoken rules that compel them to feel they need to hide their emotions and keep them from exposure. In effect, â€Å"the boy code† causes the problem of gender gap between boys and girls in academic performances. I choose this essay because I am concerned with how â€Å"the boy code† raises the gender gap between boys and girls in their academic performances and how our societies often underestimate all emotional needs of boys. This story is not only a story but also is a researchRead MoreLove In A Maze1658 Words   |  7 Pagesis best known for her novella called Fantomina: Or, Love in a Maze in 1724. In the Enlightenment era, â€Å"the number of women writers grew as they became increasingly important in publishing domestic novels, Gothic fiction, literary translations, and essays on the rights of women to education† and Haywood was one of them (Bird). Fantomina: Or, Love in a Maze, is a story of girl who is filled with desire and is given a little too much freedom and money to do as she pleases. Fantomina can be describedRead MoreAnalytical Essay on Wilfred Owens War Poetry- Dulce Et Decorum Est- by Za1715 Words   |  7 PagesAnalytical Essay on â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† By ZA 2010 and 15 years of Age British war poet, Wilfred Owen, incorporates many techniques of poetry writing in his works. As a soldier, Owen often wrote poems which described the misery and hardships on the fronts of World War One. To illustrate the image and scenes of the conflict, Owen uses an array of techniques which can be noticed in his poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† In the poem, â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, Owen recollects the event of a gas attack on returningRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Road 3871 Words   |  16 Pagesbook in is Cormac McCarthy’s, â€Å"The Road†. In â€Å"The Road†, McCarthy has a distinct and plangent tone. The English used by McCarthy differs from the English used in novels of other genres, as well as novels in the post-apocalyptic genre. In my extended essay I plan to explore and discuss how McCarthy creates a language that fully illustrates his vision of the post-apocalyptic setting of his novel. After growing up in the atmosphere of the USA in which the threat of nuclear apocalypse was a very possible

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Annotated Bibliography of Omnivores Dilemma - 566 Words

Omnivores Dilemma Annotated Bibliography Horrigan, L., Lawrence, R., Walker, P. (2002). How sustainable agriculture can address the environmental and human health harms of industrial agriculture. Environmental Health Perspective. In this article, Horrigan agrees with Pollan that there is definitely a problem with using corn-based feed for animals who are to then be fed to human beings. Specifically, Horrigan examines both animal feed and the danger of other forms of pollution which have an impact on human food production and eventual consumption. The authors make the claim that animal consumption itself is highly dangerous and perhaps should be universally abolished in order to help the environment in terms of pollutants and to help humans in their health concerns. Unlike the Pollan book which discusses how dangerous animal feeding of corn-based products can be, Horrigan takes the ideas even further. Instead of merely altering how animals are fed, Horrigan wants a complete reevaluation of human diets . By eliminating meat from the diet, people do not have to worry about what is being fed to the animals. This article serves as a comparison to Pollan because it advocates changes even beyond those of the Pollan book. Hurst, B. (2009, July 30). The omnivores delusion: against the agri-intellectuals. The American. Retrieved Oct. 4, 2012, from http://www.american.com/archive/2009/july/the- omnivore2019s-delusion-against-the-agri-intellectuals. This article from The

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Array Free Essays

string(199) " Example The technique of omitting the bounds specification for the first dimension of a multidimensional array can also be used in function declarations as follows: Copy // multidimensional_arrays\." C++ provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type. Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, †¦ , and number99, you declare one array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and †¦ , numbers[99] to represent individual variables. We will write a custom essay sample on Array or any similar topic only for you Order Now A specific element in an array is accessed by an index. All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last element. Declaring Arrays: To declare an array in C++, the programmer specifies the type of the elements and the number of elements required by an array as follows: type arrayName [ arraySize ];| This is called a single-dimension array. The arraySize must be an integer constant greater than zero and type can be any valid C++ data type. For example, to declare a 10-element array called balance of type double, use this statement: double balance[10];| Initializing Arrays: You can initialize C++ array elements either one by one or using a single statement as follows: double balance[5] = {1000. 0, 2. 0, 3. 4, 17. 0, 50. 0};| The number of values between braces { } can not be larger than the number of elements that we declare for the array between square brackets [ ]. Following is an example to assign a single element of the array: If you omit the size of the array, an array just big enough to hold the initialization is created. Therefore, if you write: double balance[] = {1000. 0, 2. 0, 3. 4, 17. 0, 50. 0};| You will create exactly the same array as you did in the previous example. balance[4] = 50. 0;| The above statement assigns element number 5th in the array a value of 50. 0. Array with 4th index will be 5th ie. last element because all arrays have 0 as the index of their first element which is also called base index. Following is the pictorial representaion of the same array we discussed above: Accessing Array Elements: An element is accessed by indexing the array name. This is done by placing the index of the element within square brackets after the name of the array. For example: double salary = balance[9];| The above statement will take 10th element from the array and assign the value to salary variable. Following is an example which will use all the above mentioned three concepts viz. eclaration, assignment and accessing arrays: #include iostreamusing namespace std; #include iomanipusing std::setw; int main (){ int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers // initialize elements of array n to 0 for ( int i = 0; i 10; i++ ) { n[ i ] = i + 100; // set element at location i to i + 100 } cout â€Å"Element† setw( 13 ) â€Å"Value† endl; // output each array element’s value for ( int j = 0; j ; 10; j++ ) { cout ;; setw( 7 );; j ;; setw( 13 ) ;; n[ j ] ;; endl; } return 0;} | This program makes use setw() function to format the output. When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result: Element Value 0 100 1 101 2 102 3 103 4 104 5 105 6 106 7 107 8 108 9 109| sequence: Copy decl-specifier identifier [ constant-expression ] decl-specifier identifier [] decl-specifier identifer [][ constant-expression] . . . decl-specifier identifier [ constant-expression ] [ constant-expression ] . . . 1. The declaration specifier: * An optional storage class specifier. * Optional const and/or volatile specifiers. The type name of the elements of the array. 2. The declarator: * The identifier. * A constant expression of integral type enclosed in brackets, []. If multiple dimensions are declared using additional brackets, the constant expression may be omitted on the first set of brackets. * Optional additional brackets enclosing constant expressions. 3. An optional initializer. See Initializers. The number of elements in the array is given by th e constant expression. The first element in the array is the 0th element, and the last element is the (n-1) element, where n is the number of elements the array can contain. The constant-expression must be of an integral type and must be greater than 0. A zero-sized array is legal only when the array is the last field in a struct or union and when the Microsoft extensions (/Ze) are enabled. The following example shows how to define an array at run time: Copy // arrays. cpp // compile with: /EHsc #include ;iostream; int main() { using namespace std; int size = 3, i = 0; int* myarr = new int[size]; for (i = 0 ; i ; size ; i++) myarr[i] = 10; for (i = 0 ; i ; size ; i++) printf_s(â€Å"myarr[%d] = %d â€Å", i, myarr[i]); delete [] myarr; } Arrays are derived types and can therefore be constructed from any other derived or fundamental type except functions, references, and void. Arrays constructed from other arrays are multidimensional arrays. These multidimensional arrays are specified by placing multiple bracketed constant expressions in sequence. For example, consider this declaration: Copy int i2[5][7]; It specifies an array of type int, conceptually arranged in a two-dimensional matrix of five rows and seven columns, as shown in the following figure: Conceptual Layout of Multidimensional Array In declarations of multidimensioned arrays that have an initializer list (as described in Initializers), the constant expression that specifies the bounds for the first dimension can be omitted. For example: Copy // arrays2. cpp // compile with: /c const int cMarkets = 4; // Declare a float that represents the transportation costs. ouble TransportCosts[][cMarkets] = { { 32. 19, 47. 29, 31. 99, 19. 11 }, { 11. 29, 22. 49, 33. 47, 17. 29 }, { 41. 97, 22. 09, 9. 76, 22. 55 } }; The preceding declaration defines an array that is three rows by four columns. The rows represent factories and the columns represent markets to which the f actories ship. The values are the transportation costs from the factories to the markets. The first dimension of the array is left out, but the compiler fills it in by examining the initializer. Topics in this section: * Using Arrays * Arrays in Expressions * Interpretation of Subscript Operator * Indirection on Array Types * Ordering of C++ Arrays Example The technique of omitting the bounds specification for the first dimension of a multidimensional array can also be used in function declarations as follows: Copy // multidimensional_arrays. cpp // compile with: /EHsc // arguments: 3 #include ;limits; // Includes DBL_MAX #include ;iostream; const int cMkts = 4, cFacts = 2; // Declare a float that represents the transportation costs double TransportCosts[][cMkts] = { { 32. 19, 47. 29, 31. 99, 19. 11 }, { 11. 29, 22. 49, 33. 47, 17. 29 }, { 41. 97, 22. 09, 9. 76, 22. 55 } }; // Calculate size of unspecified dimension const int cFactories = sizeof TransportCosts / sizeof( double[cMkts] ); double FindMinToMkt( int Mkt, double myTransportCosts[][cMkts], int mycFacts); sing namespace std; int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) { double MinCost; if (argv[1] == 0) { cout ;; â€Å"You must specify the number of markets. † ;; endl; exit(0); } MinCost = FindMinToMkt( *argv[1] – ‘0’, TransportCosts, cFacts); cout ;; â€Å" The minimum cost to Market † ;; argv[1] ;; † is: † ;; MinCost ;; † â€Å"; } double FindMinToMkt(int Mkt, double myTransportCosts[][cMkts], int mycFacts) { double MinCost = DBL_MAX; for( int i = 0; i ; cFacts; ++i ) MinCost = (MinCost ; TransportCosts[i][Mkt]) ? MinCost : TransportCosts[i][Mkt]; return MinCost; } ] This article is part of our on-going C programming series. There are times while writing C code, you may want to store multiple items of same type as contiguous bytes in memory so that searching and sorting of items becomes easy. For example: 1. Storing a string that contains series of characters. Like storing a name in memory. 2. Storing multiple strings. Like storing multiple names. C programming language provides the concept of arrays to help you with these scenarios. 1. What is an Array? An array is a collection of same type of elements which are sheltered under a common name. An array can be visualised as a row in a table, whose each successive block can be thought of as memory bytes containing one element. Look at the figure below : An Array of four elements: +===================================================+ | elem1 | elem2 | elem3 | elem4 | +===================================================+ The number of 8 bit bytes that each element occupies depends on the type of array. If type of array is ‘char’ then it means the array stores character elements. Since each character occupies one byte so elements of a character array occupy one byte each. 2. How to Define an Array? An array is defined as following : ;type-of-array; ;name-of-array; [;number of elements in array;]; * type-of-array: It is the type of elements that an array stores. If array stores character elements then type of array is ‘char’. If array stores integer elements then type of array is ‘int’. Besides these native types, if type of elements in array is structure objects then type of array becomes the structure. * name-of-array: This is the name that is given to array. It can be any string but it is usually suggested that some can of standard should be followed while naming arrays. At least the name should be in context with what is being stored in the array. * [number of elements]: This value in subscripts [] indicates the number of elements the array stores. For example, an array of five characters can be defined as : char arr[5]; 3. How to Initialize an Array? An array can be initialized in many ways as shown in the code-snippets below. Initializing each element separately. For example : int arr[10]; int i = 0; for(i=0;i;sizeof(arr);i++) { arr[i] = i; // Initializing each element seperately } Initializing array at the time of declaration. For example : int arr[] = {‘1†²,’2†²,’3†²,’4†²,’5’}; In the above example an array of five integers is declared. Note that since we are initializing at the time of declaration so there is no need to mention any value in the subscripts []. The size will automatically be calculated from the number of values. In this case, the size will be 5. Initializing array with a string (Method 1): Strings in C language are nothing but a series of characters followed by a null byte. So to store a string, we need an array of characters followed by a null byte. This makes the initialization of strings a bit different. Let us take a look : Since strings are nothing but a series of characters so the array containing a string will be containing characters char arr[] = {‘c’,’o’,’d’,’e’,’’}; In the above declaration/initialization, we have initialized array with a series of character followed by a ‘? (null) byte. The null byte is required as a terminating byte when string is read as a whole. Initializing array with a string (Method 2): har arr[] = â€Å"code†; Here we neither require to explicitly wrap single quotes around each character nor write a null character. The double quotes do the trick for us. 4. Accessing Values in an Array Now we know how to declar e and initialize an array. Lets understand, how to access array elements. An array element is accessed as : int arr[10]; int i = 0; for(i=0;i;sizeof(arr);i++) { arr[i] = i; // Initializing each element separately } int j = arr[5]; // Accessing the 5th element of integer array arr and assigning its value to integer ‘j’. As we can see above, the 5th element of array is accessed as ‘arr[5]‘. Note that for an array declared as int arr[5]. The five values are represented as: arr[0] arr[1] arr[2] arr[3] arr[4] and not arr[1] arr[2] arr[3] arr[4] arr[5] The first element of array always has a subscript of ’0? 5. Array of Structures The following program gives a brief idea of how to declare, initialize and use array of structures. #include;stdio. h; struct st{ int a; char c; }; int main() { struct st st_arr[3]; // Declare an array of 3 structure objects struct st st_obj0; // first structure object st_obj0. a = 0; st_obj0. c = ‘a’; struct st st_obj1; //Second structure object st_obj1. a = 1; st_obj1. c = ‘b’; struct st st_obj2; // Third structure object st_obj2. a = 2; st_obj2. c = ‘c’; t_arr[0] = st_obj0; // Initializing first element of array with first structure object st_arr[1] = st_obj1; // Initializing second element of array with second structure object st_arr[2] = st_obj2; // Initializing third element of array with third structure object printf(† First Element of array has values of a = [%d] and c = [%c] â€Å", st_arr[0]. a, st_arr[0]. c); printf(† Second Element of array has values of a = [%d] and c = [%c] â€Å", st_arr[1]. a, st_arr[1]. c); printf(† Third Element of array has values of a = [%d] and c = [%c] â€Å", st_arr[2]. a, st_arr[2]. c); return 0; } The output of the above program comes out to be : $ . /strucarr First Element of array has values of a = [0] and c = [a] Second Element of array has values of a = [1] and c = [b] Third Element of array has values of a = [2] and c = [c] 6. Array of Char Pointers The following program gives a brief Idea of how to declare an array of char pointers : #include;stdio. h; int main() { // Declaring/Initializing three characters pointers char *ptr1 = â€Å"Himanshu†; char *ptr2 = â€Å"Arora†; char *ptr3 = â€Å"TheGeekStuff†; //Declaring an array of 3 char pointers char* arr[3]; // Initializing the array with values arr[0] = ptr1; arr[1] = ptr2; arr[2] = ptr3; //Printing the values stored in array printf(† [%s] â€Å", arr[0]); printf(† [%s] â€Å", arr[1]); rintf(† [%s] â€Å", arr[2]); return 0; } The output of the above program is : $ . /charptrarr [Himanshu] [Arora] [TheGeekStuff] 7. Pointer to Arrays Pointers in C Programming language is very powerful. Combining pointers with arrays can be very helpful in certain situations. As to any kind of data type, we can have pointers to arrays also. A pointer to array is declared as : ;data type; (*;name of ptr;)[;an integer;] For example : int(*ptr)[5]; The above example declares a pointer ptr to an array of 5 integers. Lets look at a small program for demonstrating this : #include;stdio. h; int main(void) { char arr[3]; char(*ptr)[3]; rr[0] = ‘a’; arr[1] = ‘b’; arr[2] = ‘c’; ptr = ;arr; return 0; } In the above program, we declared and initialized an array ‘arr’ and then declared a pointer ‘ptr’ to an array of 3 characters. Then we initialized ptr with the address of array ‘arr’. 8. Static vs Dynamic Arrays Static arrays are the ones that reside on stack. Like : char arr[10]; Dynamic arrays is a popular name given to a series of bytes allocated on heap. this is achieved through malloc() function. Like : char *ptr = (char*)malloc(10); The above line allocates a memory of 10 bytes on heap and we have taken the starting address of this series of bytes in a character pointer ptr. Static arrays are used when we know the amount of bytes in array at compile time while the dynamic array is used where we come to know about the size on run time. 9. Decomposing Array into Pointers Internally, arrays aren’t treated specially, they are decomposed into pointers and operated there-on. For example an array like : char arr[10]; When accessed like : arr[4] = ‘e’; is decomposed as : *(arr + 4) = ‘e’ So we see above that the same old pointers techniques are used while accessing array elements. 10. Character Arrays and Strings Mostly new programmers get confused between character arrays and strings. Well, there is a very thin line between the two. This thin line only comprises of a null character ‘? If this is present after a series of characters in an array, then that array becomes a string. This is an array: char arr[] = {‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’}; This is a string: char arr[] = {‘a’, ‘bâ €™, ‘c’, ‘’}; Note : A string can be printed through %s format specifier in printf() while an printing an array through %s specifier in printf() is a wrong practice. 11. Bi-dimensional and Multi-dimensional Arrays The type of array we discussed until now is single dimensional arrays. As we see earlier, we can store a set of characters or a string in a single dimensional array. What if we want to store multiple strings in an array. Well, that wont be possible using single dimensional arrays. We need to use bi-dimensional arrays in this case. Something like : char arr[5][10]; The above declaration can be thought of as 5 rows and 10 columns. Where each row may contain a different name and columns may limit the number of characters in the name. So we can store 5 different names with max length of 10 characters each. Similarly, what if we want to store different names and their corresponding addresses also. Well this requirement cannot be catered even by bi-dimensional arrays. In this case we need tri-dimensional (or multi-dimensional in general) arrays. So we need something like : char arr[5][10][50]; So we can have 5 names with max capacity of 10 characters for names and 50 characters for corresponding addresses. Since this is an advanced topic, So we won’t go into practical details here. 12. A Simple C Program using Arrays Consider this simple program that copies a string into an array and then changes one of its characters : #include;stdio. h; #include;string. h; int main(void) { char arr[4];// for accommodating 3 characters and one null ‘’ byte. char *ptr = â€Å"abc†; //a string containing ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘’ memset(arr, ‘’, sizeof(arr)); //reset all the bytes so that none of the byte contains any junk value strncpy(arr,ptr,sizeof(â€Å"abc†)); // Copy the string â€Å"abc† into the array arr printf(† %s â€Å",arr); //print the array as string rr[0] = ‘p’; // change the first character in the array printf(† %s â€Å",arr);//again print the array as string return 0; } I think the program is self explanatory as I have added plenty of comments. The output of the above program is : $ . /array_pointer abc pbc So we see that we successfully copied the string into array and then changed the first character in the array. 13. No Array Bound Check in a C Program What is array bound check? Well this is the check for boundaries of array declared. For example : char arr[5]; The above array ‘arr’ consumes 5 bytes on stack and through code we can access these bytes using : arr[0], arr[1], arr[2], arr[3], arr[4] Now, C provides open power to the programmer to write any index value in [] of an array. This is where we say that no array bound check is there in C. SO, misusing this power, we can access arr[-1] and also arr[6] or any other illegal location. Since these bytes are on stack, so by doing this we end up messing with other variables on stack. Consider the following example : #include;stdio. h; unsigned int count = 1; int main(void) { int b = 10; int a[3]; a[0] = 1; a[1] = 2; a[2] = 3; printf(† b = %d â€Å",b); a[3] = 12; printf(† b = %d â€Å",b); return 0; } In the above example, we have declared an array of 3 integers but try to access the location arr[3] (which is illegal but doable in C) and change the value kept there. But, we end up messing with the value of variable ‘b’. Cant believe it? , check the following output . We see that value of b changes from 10 to 12. $ . /stk b = 10 b = 12 C++ arrays, arrays and loops In this tutorial, we are going to talk about arrays. An array lets you declare and work with a collection of values of the same type. Let’s say you want to declare four integers. With the knowledge from the last few tutorials you would do something like this: int a , b , c , d; What if you wanted to declare a thousand variables? That will take you a long time to type. This is where arrays come in handy. An easier way is to declare an array of four integers, like this: int a[4]; The four separate integers inside this array are accessed by an index. Each element can be accessed, by using square brackets, with the element number inside. All arrays start at element zero and will go to n-1. (In this case from 0 to 3. ) Note: The index number, which represents the number of elements the array is going to hold, must be a constant value. Because arrays are build out of non-dynamic memory blocks. In a later tutorial we will explain arrays with a variable length, which uses dynamic memory. So if we want to fill each element you get something like this: int a[4]; a[0] = 1; a[1] = 2; a[2] = 3; a[3] = 4; If you want to use an element, for example for printing, you can do this: out ;; a[1]; Arrays and loops One of the nice things about arrays is that you can use a loop to manipulate each element. When an array is declared, the values of each element are not set to zero automatically. In some cases you want to â€Å"re-initialize† the array (which means, setting ev ery element to zero). This can be done like in the example above, but it is easier to use a loop. Here is an example: #include;iostream; using namespace std; int main() { int a[4]; int i; for ( i = 0; i ; 4; i++ ) a[i] = 0; for ( i = 0; i ; 4; i++ ) cout ;; a[i] ;; ‘ ‘; return 0; } Note: In the first â€Å"for loop† all elements are set to zero. The second â€Å"for loop† will print each element. Multi-dimensional arrays The arrays we have been using so far are called one-dimensional arrays. Here is an example of a one-dimensional array: int a[2]; 0| 1| 1| 2| Note: A one-dimensional array has one column of elements. Two-dimensional arrays have rows and columns. See the example below: int a[2][2]; | 0| 1| 0| 1| 2| 1| 4| 5| Note: a[0][0] contains the value 1. a[0][1] contains the value 2. a[1][0] contains the value 4. a[1][1] contains the value 5. So let’s look at an example that initialize a two-dimensional array and prints each element: #include;iostream; using namespace std; int main() { nt a[4][4]; int i , j; for (i = 0; i ; 4; i++) { for ( j = 0; j ; 4; j++) { a[i][j] = 0; cout ;; a[i][j] ;; ‘ ‘; } } return 0; } Note: As you can see, we use two â€Å"for loops† in the example above. One to access the rows the other to access the columns. You must be careful when choosing the index number, because there is no range checking done. So if you index (choose an element) past the end of the array, there is no warning or error. Instead the program will give you â€Å"garbage† data or it will crash. Arrays as parameters In C++ it is not possible to pass a complete block of memory by value as a parameter to (for example) a function. It is allowed to pass the arrays address to (for example) a function. Take a look at the following example: #include;iostream; using namespace std; void printfunc(int my_arg[], int i) { for (int n=0; n ; i; n++) cout ;; my_arg[n] ;; ‘ ‘; } int main() { int my_array[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; printfunc(my_array,5); return 0; } The function printfunc accepts any array (whatever the number of elements) whose elements are of the type int. The second function parameter (int i) tells function the number of elements of the array, that was passed in the first parameter of the function. With this variable we can check (in the â€Å"for† loop) for the outer bound of the array. That’s all for this tutorial. include ;iostream; using namespace std; int main() { int myarr[2][3]; for(int r = 0; r ; 2; r++){ for(int c = 0; c ; 3; c++){ myarr[r][c] = r*c+1; } } for(r = 0; r ; 2; r++){ for(int c = 0; c ; 3; c++){ cout ;; myarr[r][c] ;; † â€Å"; } cout ;; endl; } return 0; } #include ;iostream; using namespace std; int minArray(int arr[][5], int rowCap, int colCap) { int m = arr[0][0]; for (int r = 0; r ; rowCap; r++) for (int c = 0; c ; colCap; c++) if (arr[r][c] ; m) m = arr[r][c]; return m; } int main() { in t x[3][5] = { {13,4,35,22,3}, {32,3,7,3,2}, {3,4,4,4,2}}; cout ;; minArray(x, 3, 5) ;; endl; return 0; } How to cite Array, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Business the Environment free essay sample

Importance of corporate consideration of environmental impact, theory of value of public goods, case studies of Nestles infant formula Patagonia Clothing. Companies do not conduct their business in an isolated environment. In todays global economy, events from throughout the world can affect the activities of small business in small towns in the United States. Factors which can affect business include social and cultural influence, international considerations, legal ramifications and financial influences. When OPEC imposed an oil embargo during the 1970s, it was a response to the political situation in Israel and the support that Israel received from Washington. The end result, however, is that consumers throughout the United States, who had no direct influence over any of these events, paid higher prices for their gasoline. Understanding how the business environment can affect companies is critical to their long-term success. This research examines some critical